Referat The industrial revolution

_{The industrial revolution}

Without any doubt the industrial revolution is and was one of the most important parts of human history. It changed the life of nearly every human being on our whole planet and the results are so common for us that we don't even think about them in our daily lives.

_{Industrial changes:}

The industrial revolution began at the 2nd half of the 18th century. There exists no uniformed theory how it came up. We can separate the industrial revolution in three parts:

_{1. industrial revolution (approx. 1760 - 1830)}

It started in England because this country had colonies with a huge amount of natural resources, a good traffic system, great financial reserves, sufficient workers and a lot of people with revolutionary ideas. Another important fact was that the state itself didn't interfere in the economy and so a free economy market could grow.

First there was an agrarian revolution: The great land owners got rich at the expense of the small farmers. Because of this many of them went into the rapidly growing cities where they hoped to find a better life.

The former small factories were replaced by larger more efficient ones. So large stock companies developed. Banking institutions, the industry and the financial world supported each other because in these times political power of the Europeans was based on industrial superiority. It resulted in a world wide economy and commercial room with international exchange of goods.

The most important inventions of the 1^st   industrial revolution:

James Hargrieves built Spinning Jenny´ a spinning frame with the name of his daughter

Samuel Crompton improved the spinning frames with the help of water power and steam engines

First mechanical loom of Edmund Cartwright

James Watt finished his project of the steam engine

Richard Trevithick built the first high pressure steam locomotive

the first steam powered ship crossed the Atlantic

steam engines were inserted in coal disassembly

industrial revolution (end of the 1 ^th   century)

The use of electric power and the chemical sector became the leading secorts in the second industrial revolution. Many new inventions in these sectors initiated another great industrial growth.

The most important inventions of the 2^nd industrial revolution:

Samuel Morse invented the electro magnetic telegraph

Graham Bell invented the phone

·    Thomas Edison presented the electric light bulb

·    Werner Siemens developed the dynamo

August Otto and Gottfried Daimler constructed the four stroke gas engine

·    started the first zeppelin of count Zeppelin

Charles Lindbergh crossed the Atlantic with an airplane

3. industrial revolution (now)

·    plastics dissolves iron in much importance

·    computer & robots replace human workers in production and manufacturing

·    nuclear power replaces in most parts of the world the traditional water and coal power

_{Social changes}

The industrial revolution formed two new society groups: The entrepreneurs and the wage workers

(mostly proletarian).

The  entrepreneurs: The  owners of the new companies and  factories were mostly financially powerful merchants and sometimes also members of the nobility. The entrepreneurs were carrier of a new mind. Their leitmotif was: Work means no reduction of social reputation but was a life content. The affiliation to industry bourgeoisie already appeared purely external through big and well arranged apartments, fashionable and elegant clothes, a villa on the outskirts of a town and an own domestic.

Wage workers: The factory workforce formed itself from the group of persons that worked in the factories, from the craftsmen and from the farmers. They owned no own estate and could only offer their working power. Women and children were also forced for work at factories and mines. They also had no politically rights because in these times only the rich or noble persons were allowed to vote. The state prevented the solidarity of the workers simultaneously through strike and coalition prohibitions.

The industrialisation didn't only bring good things. It also laid the fundamentals for many problems that are still existing:

mass poverty

dangerous and unhealthy conditions of work

long working times

severe discipline

bad payment

physical overstrain