Referat Civil War (1861-1865)

_{Civil War}

Background:

USA are divided into North and South by different economical systems

North: industry, banking, international trade, expanding railway network

South: manly agriculture (cotton, little rice, sugar, tobacco), rather poor railway connections

A conflict rises:

1800 - 1840: cotton production rises by factor 18 (approx. 300 million kg per year)

T slaves are used as cheap workers

T expansion of state area necessary, because cotton monoculture exhausted the soil

T South: pro slavery attitude: not responsible for it, cultural habit , 'more humane under slavery system than under the northern wages system'

Northern antislavery movement:

1808: Congress abolishes slave trade with Africa

afterwards antislavery-protest maintained by Quakers

1831: Garrison publishes The Liberator'

appeals for uncompromising and complete liberation

_{radical, combative, uncompromising}

'Underground Railroad (Northerners freed slaves from the South)

1820: Missouri Compromise (slavery was limited to states where it already existed)

1845: Texas annexed (always had slavery)

1846: USA expand westwards (California, Utah, New Mexico)

conflict about slavery issue:

_{T extent Missouri Compromise to the West?}

T let the new states decide ( popular sovereignty')

1848: gold rush in California

T slavery issue had to be solved, before new government could be established

1850: Compromise of 1850

free soil constitution in California

_{New Mexico and Utah organised without mention of slavery}

more effective machinery to catch runaways

_{T Northerners improve Underground Railroad}

no slave trade in D.C., but still slavery

_{relieve of political situation, but no solution}

1852: North influenced by Uncle Tom's Cabin'

1854: quarrel renewed, because Kansas and Nebraska were being settled

T it was permitted to bring slaves into these states, but they were free to decide about slavery issue

Lincoln holds speech against slavery ('The slavery issue has to be decided by the whole

USA, not by single states)

1858: Lincoln candidate for US Senate election

lost election, but became famous with speeches

1860: wins president election for the young Republican party

T South Carolina leaves Union

T 6 other southern states follow

1861 (8.2.): South forms Confederate States of America and vote Jefferson Davis as their president

Civil War begins:

1861: (4.3.): Lincoln was sworn in as president

refused to recognise secession of southern states (legally void)

_{plea to restore the Union}

_{T Confederates begin war against the Union on April 12}

T 4 new states join Confederation

Union: 23 industry states, population of 22 million; naval supremacy of east American coast (sea blockade); famous commander: Ulysses S. Grant

Confederation: 11 agricultural states, population of 9 million; famous commander: Robert

E. Lee

1863: (1.1.): Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation

T freeing slaves; inviting them to join northern army

July: 3 day-battle in Gettysburg

_{T Lee's army was defeated}

T major turning point in war

T southern resources near by their end

T northern industry improved by war, agricultural export improved by sea blockade

1864: Lincoln is voted president again

1865: (2.4.) Lee surrenders

T terms of surrender not too strict as America is still one nation

After War Policy:

March: 13^th amendment to US constitution (abolishes slavery and introduces Freedman's bureau)

4.4.:Lincoln's speech proclaiming a generous reconstruction policy

_{13.4.: Washington celebrates victory}

_{14.4: Lincoln assassinated, died next morning}

_{T Andrew Johnson new president}

Southern-states-issue: Lincoln: secession never was legal

_{T states never left union}

T southern individuals made states disregard authority, only individuals should be punished

Johnson appoints governors for southern states, then they elect their own governments

1866: 14^th Amendment blacks gain citizenship)

T refused by the South

Reconstruction act of March 1867

T southern governments are ignored and are divided into 5 districts placed under military rule

_{T states could avoid military rule by ratifying the 1} ^th _amendment

_{1868: 14}^th _{Amendment is ratified by all States}

_{1870: 15}^th _{Amendment (the right to vote for everyone)}

Reconstruction:

T many southern States rejoined Union with new governments, mainly consisting of northern politicians

_{T Louisiana, South Carolina, Mississippi: mainly black politicians}

acts of violence by southern whites

_{T Enforcement Act: punishment for whites ignoring the blacks' rights}

1872 (May): Amnesty Act: restoring full political privileges (except radical confederates)

1877: President Rutherford Hayes removes troops and admits failure of reconstruction policy