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Advance
For we are young and free,
We've golden soil and wealth for toil,
Our home is girt by sea.
Our land abounds in nature's gifts
Of beauty rich and rare,
In hist'ry's page let ev'ry stage
Advance
In joyful strains then let us sing
Advance
Australian citizenship pledge
From this time forward, under god,
I pledge my
loyalty to
whose democratic beliefs I share,
whose rights and liberties I respect, and
whose laws I will uphold and obey.
The children by John Morrison
On the train by Olga Masters
Neighbours by Tim Winton
Movie
Crocodile
The Aboriginal people lived in
Before 1788, when the whites came to
They got their food out of the ocean and the rivers, and were hunting, though they respected animals and nature.
Their land meant quite a lot to the Aboriginal people. The eldest man in each family, called dulma-da, was the protector of the whole families land, which was called nyarrawa, and he passed it on to his eldest son and if he had no sons to his brother or his eldest sister. The Aboriginal people believed that the spirits of their ancestors still lived in the land and it's features, so the dulma-da was also the protector of the ancestors spirits. During ceremonies the Aboriginal people had spiritual contact with their Dreaming ancestors. That's why taking away their land was like taking parts of themselves, their world and everything in it. It destroyed their ancestors.
The Aborigines had a high developed culture. Their religion was the dreaming, they did special dances, held ceremonies, had their own language and cohesiveness in groups. Aborigines had their own sports and social activities. Their judicial system was also high developed. If somebody didn't follow the rules he had to face consequences and punishments, which could go as far as death. Other Aborigines (or later on whites) were only allowed to stay with a group if they accepted their rules. The laws were not written down but passed on to the next generation through verbal music. The relationship between men and women was not unequal to the European one, they had girlfriends and boyfriends, and they could also get married.
Aborigines felt close to nature, they had certain places where Dreaming ancestors had stopped and created something, or held a ceremony. These places are called story places. There Aboriginal people had to behave in a special way, they had to be quietly and respectfully or they weren't supposed to look at various places. They drew pictures on stone, in caves and on wood, which told their stories.
The Aborigines believe that their ancestors have existed since time began and that they came directly out of the dreamtime. They believe that during the creation of the world their ancestors have moved across the land and have created everything on earth, the animals, the plants, the sun, the moon and the planets and the humans. They also believed that everything could transform into one of the other things and that everything was created from the same source and everything was created in their dreamtime.
As the world took shape and was filled with various different species the ancestors all transformed into one shape, like the sun, the sky, the clouds and all the creatures to live within all they created.
In 1788 the first
explorers arrived in
The Aboriginal population decreased from 750 000 to 250 000 in less then 100 years, so the government thought that should be stopped and started to find new ways of being able to take the continent over. Missionaries set up missions and the government set up reserves to stop the Aborigines population from dying out.
Following the protection era was the assimilation era, which doesn't mean that the protection era ended, rather it can be seen as an extension. Assimilation means to integrate the Aboriginal people in the white society, to make them similar. Assimilation was an attempt by the non-Aboriginal authorities to integrate Aboriginal people into non-Aboriginal society.
The positive thing about the assimilation was that some Aboriginal people were able to gain a good education and a citizenship certificate.
The negative aspects were, that many children, especially 'mixed race' children were forcibly taken from their parents, because they didn't belong in either Aboriginal or white lifestyle. By the non- Aborigines a non- Aboriginal upbringing was more important than staying with their family.
About 100 000 children were taken away from their families without permission, they were put in institutions with horrible conditions and horrible people running them. There were no records kept from where these children came, so later they were unable to find their way back home. These 'stolen children' are called the 'lost generation' nowadays. Many of today's social problems involving Aboriginal people have been put down to this 'stolen children' regime, including a disproportionate amount of crime, problems with bringing up their own children for they haven't had a proper upbringing themselves, behaviour that doesn't display the benefits of love and over all a breakdown in the passing on of culture, which has traditionally been done from mouth to mouth.
Another point in the assimilation era
was that the 'mixed race' or 'half castes' were not allowed
to marry 'full blood' - Aborigines. They were 'given' to
white Europeans to get
Plot
Characters
Mary: She is a 13-year-old girl with long blond hair. When getting lost in the desert, Mary doesn't get in panic and tries to protect her little brother. She feels like having to be more for him than a sister and tries to behave like a grown-up. When meeting the Aborigine Mary is shocked by him being naked. She gets jealous when Peter and the boy become friends and feels left out because of being a girl. Mary's opinion towards the Aborigine changes just before he dies. She starts accepting that their culture is totally different and notices the she is not superior to the Aborigine at all.
Peter: He is an 8-year-old boy and gets into contact with the bush boy quite easily. Peter is impressed by his way of living and tries to imitate him. The little boy learns a lot about life in the desert and how to survive. In the beginning of the story Peter would do anything Mary told him, but in those days alone in the desert he notices that she is not always right and starts making his own decisions. In the end it's him leading Mary back to civilisation.
Aborigine: The bush boy is on his walkabout. When finding the helpless children he is quite surprised by them being white for he had never seen any white people before. He helps them by taking them with him. At first he doesn't understand why Mary stays away from him, but he cares for Peter anyway. When he gets ill he sees the Spirit of Death in Mary's eyes and knows that he was going to die. Trying to save the children he moves on for another two days, but finally he is too weak to walk on, so he tells Peter how to get over the hills where they could find food and water. He is afraid of dying because the Aborigines don't believe in life after death. At first he tries telling Mary how to bury him but soon he understands that she doesn't want to talk to him. The boy is happy when she finally decides to look after him until he died.
Interpretation
In the book one of the
problems, which appeared when whites came to
The book also tells a lot about the Aboriginal culture and their way to survive in the Australian outback. Things like the walkabout, the Spirit of Death and the burial platform, which should save the dead bodies from the evil spirits coming out of the earth, are very important to the Aborigines.
There are also some Aboriginal words are also mentioned in the story, like arkooloola, larana and kurura.
The book shows how children from two cultures start communicating and getting to know each other. At first the culture clash is quite shocking for the white children as well as for the Aboriginal boy, but after getting to know each other better, they notice that it's worth learning more about the other culture and that both cultures are worth existing.
For the older white girl it's harder to accept the fact, that the Aboriginal also has his right to exist and that he's not just uncivilised. I think that's because of her age. On one side it's the age of protesting against everyone and everything who wants to tell her what to do, on the other hand she has already been influenced by all sorts of prejudices and can't help believing them. She is shocked to see a naked boy because she has never been in this situation and she resist the feeling that this just isn't right.
Her brother acts totally different. On the one hand he is a boy, who, like most boys of his age, is easily impressed by older boys. On the other hand he notices pretty soon, that his sister, who always seemed to know everything, is as lost as him in this totally new surrounding and so he feels saver with the black boy telling him what to do. He also isn't that influenced by any sorts of prejudices because he is much younger and so not as much in contact with older ones than his sister. He accepts knowing less than others because he is used to be told what to do so he stars communicating with the Aborigine quite fast.
The Aborigine hasn't ever seen or been in touch with white people, so he is prejudice-free. He doesn't know what to do with the two helpless children, but he notices that they couldn't survive without his help. The two kids act quite strange, at least it seems so to him and he can't imagine where they come from. He just sees that they need help and so tries to do everything he can for them, even when he notices he was going to die, he made sure they would find their way back home.
The Aborigine lives like he was used to live. He eats whatever he can find: fish, plants, insects and roots. He is able to find water in the desert, he believes in the spirits and in the land being part of him. The Aboriginal boy follows the traditions and customs of his people and is shocked when he notices, that he won't be buried on a burial platform and that the evil spirits will be able to take him away when he died. He would have been even more scared if he had known that he was going to be buried under the earth and that it was even easier for the evil spirits to reach down there. Mary and Peter couldn't have known that and so nobody can make them responsible for their actions. That's just another aspect of the culture clash.
Plot
In the beginning of the book, three children find a white man, who looks like an Aborigine. They take him to their village and the settlers become very interested in the stranger, who can only remember a few words of English and acts in a strange kind of way. After they find out that his name is Gemmy and that he was thrown off a ship and found by an Aboriginal tribe. He had followed them everywhere, learned their language and became a member of the tribe. Gemmy's former life is written down and he stays at the McIvors place, the place where the children who had found him lived. He hangs around with the children feeling saver and understood by them. His relationship to the white community is complicated for he is considered a 'parody of a white man' by some of them. Gemmy has to face hate and self-loathing. Gemmy is also seen as an opportunity to learn all about the blacks, the so called enemies of the settlers, but he gives false information in order to protect his people. Some of the settlers are afraid of the half-white man and he is suspected of having had visits from his old friends. Some time later Gemmy is really visited by the aborigines and the meeting is witnessed. Gemmy's new family, the McIvors start noticing a distance growing between them and their neighbours, but they start realising the effect Gemmy and the nature have had on them. The other settlers start to attack the McIvors and Gemmy feels like being the reason for the troubles the McIvors have to go through. Finally Gemmy is even close to being killed, but Jock McIvor arrives just in time to save him. Gemmy thinks about his belonging to nature and not to the white community. Gemmy starts helping Mrs. Huchence caring for her bees and is given a room in her house outside the settlement. Finally Gemmy disappears after wanting to have the papers concerning his life back, which he doesn't get.
Characters
Gemmy: He had lived with an Aboriginal tribe and has learned to live with nature since he was small. Wanting to find out more about his past he contacts the settlers, who don't really understand him. Gemmy starts to remember a few facts about his past and tries to built up a relationship to his new people. Noticing the hatred he doesn't feel at home and starts missing the aborigines, he wants to return to the wilderness.
Interpretation
The book shows how people react to the unknown. At first they are interested to find out something about the stranger visiting them, but when having an opinion, they don't want to chance it and become afraid of the new way of living and acting. Its hard for the settlers to accept that their way doesn't have to be the only right way to handle things.
Most settlers were afraid of the Aborigines. They have been told about the Aboriginal people having killed unprepared settlers and burned down their homes. That was one reason, why the white settlers had so much prejudices against this people and wanted to get rid of everything which could have affected their normal life. They also were scared of the Aborigines because they didn't know much about their lifestyle and a lot of quite influencing whites spread rumours about Aborigines eating humans and sacrificing babies. The scared settlers were too afraid to find out about the Aboriginal customs themselves and so believed everything they were told.
When Gemmy turns up in the settler's village they all find him childish and uneducated. They think they know a lot more about everything and they feel superior. When they notice all the differences in his behaviour they are unwilling to accept these. They are so full of prejudices, that they don't even want to learn more about the Aboriginal culture, and so tease and scare Gemmy long enough to get rid of him as well as the thought of one of their own 'tribe' being a friend of the enemy.
Three major political Parties dominate Australian politics. The oldest is the ALP(Australian Labor Party) and the Liberal and National Parties often form a coalition to oppose the ALP. The Australian Democrats, Greens and Independents sometimes have influence by holding the balance of power in the Senate. When the numbers of ALP and the Coalition Senators are almost evenly matched, the votes of these smaller Parties and Independents is crucial to the passage of legislation.
The minor parties often represent specific interests and their lobbying is a major part of the Australian political process. Currently only the Australian Democrats and the Greens are represented in parliament but when the numbers of ALP and the Coalition Senators are almost evenly matched, the votes of these smaller Parties and the Independents is crucial to the passage of legislation.
The queen of
The children
By John Morrison
The short story 'The children' by John Morrison was written in 1972.
In the beginning a journalist visits a man, who just packs his truck. The journalist wants to ask a few questions, but at first the man is unfriendly and tries to get away without answering any questions. The journalist doesn't want to give up and involves the man in a conversation.
One can find out, that there has been a big fire in the village where the man is from, and that the man was sent to save the villagers children out of the school, for he was the only one with a good working truck. On his way to the school, he notices that his house with his wife and his children was on fire and after having a look at the school he could see, that it isn't even close to the fires. The man chose to drive to his home first to get his family, but on his way back to the school, he realises that it was already on fire and that it was far too late to save the other villagers kids.
The man repeats constantly that no-one else would have reacted different in his situation, which is probably true.
In the end it is said that the man's family is leaving their home town being watched by the hard and bitter faces of the villagers.
When reading the story and knowing
that it takes place in
On the train
By Olga Masters
In the short story 'On the train' a mother and her two little girls leave their home, one doesn't know exactly why. At first the mother can't really decide in which direction to go, but once decided, she hurries down the street without thinking about her little children who can hardly follow her. They reach a train-station and the mother buys three tickets, still not noticing her girls. The passengers look at the small family noticing the children don't wear warm enough clothes and want the mother to notice their disapproval about the way she treats her kids.
They get on a train, the mother not helping her small daughter getting up the stairs. When trying to find a seat the mother chooses a single one and lets the two girls sit together on the other side. A female passenger who sits opposite of the two girls takes a closer look at their mother, noticing the she is a very beautiful woman compared to the girls and tries to find out more about them through trying to talk to the children.
Finally the mother and her kids are getting off the train, and while passing the woman the mother bends down telling her that she was going to kill her children.
This particular story could happen in every country. You never get to know anything about the reasons why the woman is leaving her home or why she wants to kill her children. She could be mentally ill, or she just couldn't cope with being left by her husband, it could be anything.
Neighbours
By Tim Winton
Neighbours by Tim Winton is a very short story about a young couple moving into a new neighbourhood. They notice that their new home was full of European migrants and don't feel quite at home in the beginning, always having to listen to the loud conversations of their next door neighbours, a Macedonian family and the hammering of their other next door neighbour, a Polish widower. At first they only see the strange and sometimes disgusting customs of their new neighbourhood.
After getting used to their new surrounding the young couple starts liking their neighbours and notice that they aren't that bad at all.
When the woman becomes pregnant the neighbours immediately find out about it and start giving the young couples presents and good tips. The couple isn't used to that friendliness and is really surprised when the whole neighbourhood celebrates the arrival of the new baby.
I chose this short story thinking
about the many immigrants living in
The story shows how many people from different countries can live peacefully together, although they have a different lifestyle. There are a lot of migrants in Australia who moved there because of various reasons, like war, the Great Depression, political reasons and just because they started loving the country.
Crocodile
The movie 'Crocodile
Dundee' was released in 1986 and became the most famous Australian movie
in the
The character of Crocodile Dundee is based on a real man called Rodney William Ansell who was killed in a gunbattle with the Australian police after having shot Sgt. Glen Huitson.
In the movie the female American
reporter Sue Charleston hears about an Australian crocodile hunter, who managed
to get to survive one week in the Australian desert after a crocodile has
bitten parts of his foot off. She wants to meet him to write a story about him
and spends a few days in the Australian wilderness with him. Coming back into
the civilisation Sue takes him with her back to
Sue shows Michael J. Crocodile Dundee the city and he tries to fit in and manages to be liked where ever he goes. The only ones hating him are the 'bad guys' and Sues jealous boyfriend Richard, who keeps trying to embarrass Mick, but without luck.
After Richard has made a proposal to Sue Mick wants to leave the city, not knowing that she has refused to marry Richard. Finally there is a happy end and the two main characters fall in love.
After the movie was released there
was a big Australian boom. A lot of tourists went to
Crocodile
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