Soccer
Football is an
11-a-side field game played with a spherical ball; the most widely played team
game in the world and the most popular spectator sport, followed avidly by
millions of fans. It is often popularly called "soccer" (especially in the United States)
which is a slang term dating from about 1891 as a shortening of "assoc." or "association".
Association football is distinguished from American football, Canadian
football, Rugby Union, and Rugby League football in that it is primarily played
with the feet;
History
The ancestry of the
game can be traced to 200 BC
during the Han dynasty in China.
Their game was called Tsu Chu (Tsu means roughly "to kick", while Chu denotes a ball made of stuffed leather). Chinese
emperors themselves took part. The Greeks and Romans had a variety of ball
games (such as episkuros and harpastum) and some of them were probably foot- as
well as handball games. In the 7th century the Japanese had a form of football
called kemari. In 14th-century Florence there
was the game calcio (giuoco del
calcio, "game of the kick") which was played 27-a-side with 6 umpires. This
game allowed the use of hands as well as feet.
It is not until the 12th
century that we find evidence of some form of football being played in England.
Various forms of it were known in the Middle Ages. Basically, this was mob
football which took place between rival factions and groups in towns and
cities, and also between villages and parishes. Very large numbers of players
took part and the goals might be a mile or more apart. Such games, which were
often violent and dangerous, came to be particularly associated with Shrovetide
and came to be called Shrovetide Football. Forms of this survived in England until
well into the 20th century. Royal edicts by a succession of English kings
failed to suppress mob football. In fact, such games flourished in the Tudor
and Stuart periods. Oliver Cromwell managed to put a stop to them, but with the
Restoration and the reign of Charles II it was soon revived. In the 18th
century it was popular in English public schools but still involved scores of
players on each side. A few public schools developed more organised forms and
these have survived at Eton (Eton Wall Game, Eton Field Game), Harrow (Harrow
Football), and Winchester
(Winchester Football).
In 1846 came the
first serious attempt to establish a code. This was instigated at Cambridge University by H. de Winton and J. C.
Thring who met representatives from the major public schools with a view to
creating a standardised set of rules. They agreed on and drew up ten, known as
the Cambridge Rules. These were and are of vital importance in the history of
what was later to be named association football, and which Thring described as
"The Simplest Game".
In 1855 Sheffield
Football Club (FC), the world's oldest club, was founded, and in 1862 Notts County,
the world's oldest league club, came into existence. In October 1863 the
Football Association (FA) was founded at the Freemasons' Tavern, Great Queen Street, London. The idea for the Football
Association Challenge Cup (the FA Cup) came from the secretary of the FA,
Charles Alcock, who proposed his plans at a meeting attended by 12 clubs in
October 1871. Fifteen teams entered for the first competition in 1872 which was
won by Wanderers against Royal Engineers. Until 1892 nearly all the finals were
held at Kennington Oval, London,
which is better known for cricket. Up to 1883 all the winners were amateur
clubs. Wanderers won six times; old Etonians won twice and were six times
runners-up. In 1872 also, there was the first official international match
(between England and Scotland), and
in 1878 the first match under floodlights was held.
In the late 1870s
there began a long and sometimes acrimonious dispute over the rights and wrongs
of professionalism and whether or not players should be paid money over and
above compensation for expenses and wages lost by taking part in a match. In
1885 professionalism was finally legalised, but the dispute was to drift on for
years and affect other countries. Another major event was the foundation of the
Football League in 1888; this was to become a model for all countries that
subsequently adopted the game.
This adoption took
place rapidly in Europe and many other parts
of the world in the closing years of the 19th century.
The principal
competitions in England
are the FA Premier League, the Football League, the FA Cup, and the Football
League Cup (both cup competitions are knockout events).
The Premier League
was formed in 1993 and comprises 20 teams. The Football League is made up of
three divisions with promotion and relegation between them. Promotion and
relegation also exists between the First Division of the Football League and
the Premier League (which has the stronger teams). Various companies have
sponsored the Football League including Barclays Bank and Endsleigh Insurance.
The FA Cup is
annually contested by all members of the Premier and Football Leagues and also
by many amateur and semi-professional teams. It is organised on a knockout
basis with the final game being staged at Wembley Stadium, London in May. The League Cup was instituted
in the 1960-1961 season, but it was not until the 1969-1970 season that all 92
Football League clubs took part. All finals up to 1966 were played on a two-leg
"home and away" basis but since then they have been played as a single match at
Wembley Stadium.
England's National-Team
The game of football originated in England and
having taught the game to the rest of the World, the English have had a great
deal of trouble learning anything from the modern football powers. The first
time a foreign idea was taken on board by the English national team was the
sudden selection of a sweeper against the Netherlands in the 1990 World Cup.
For a while this permeated into the English league but was soon dropped and
English football has only begun to change since the advent of the Premier
League and the associated influx of foreign playing talent. So, where did it
all go wrong?
The first hint that the national side was not
all that it should be came in the 1950 World Cup (the first that England had entered) with an embarrassing 1-0
defeat by the USA but the
point was finally forced home with 2 games against Hungary. November 25 1953 saw England not
only beaten at Wembley for the first time but destroyed by the 'magnificent
Magyars' who ran out 6-3 winners. 6 months later, England
played Hungary again in Budapest and lost 7-1.
Clearly, something had to be done and England manager, Walter
Winterbottom, the first visionary in the English game set out to do just that.
Over a number of years, he persuaded the FA to allow him to select the team
instead of a panel of FA bigwigs whilst persuading the players that listening
and playing to his tactical ideas would produce better results than just going
onto the pitch and playing how they pleased.
Within 13 years, the England team had come a
long way and July 1966 saw Winterbottom's successor, Alf Ramsey lead his
England team out onto the sacred Wembley turf for the World Cup final against
West Germany. A pulsating match finished 2-2 after 90 minutes before Geoff
Hurst's controversial goal gave the trophy to England
(Hurst also
scoring a late fourth to complete his hat-trick).
Two years later, England had their most successful
European Championships to date. The team qualified for the last 8 by topping a
group containing the other home nations before playing Spain in a two
legged quarter final. England
won the first game at Wembley 1-0 before going to Madrid a month later and winning 2-1. England joined Italy,
Yugoslavia and the Soviet
Union in Italy for the semi
final round but lost 1-0 to Yugoslavia.
Three days later, they picked themselves up and beat the Soviet Union 2-0 in Rome to take third place.
The English team that went to Mexico for the
1970 World Cup is thought to be the best of modern times with players like
Banks, Moore and Charlton at the peak of their powers. Certainly, Pele was
worried by England's
presence in the same group as Brazil
as he felt that the English were the only nation who could stop the Brazilians
from taking their third World Cup. England
opened their campaign with a 1-0 victory over Romania
before they took on Brazil.
This match was probably Bobby Moore's finest hour but his performance will
always be overshadowed by Gordon Banks' astonishing save from Pele. The result
could have hinged on this but Jeff Astle missed a sitter and Jairzinho hit the
winner.
A victory over Czechoslovakia
put England into a quarter
final against their old rivals West
Germany. Gordon Banks was taken ill and
replaced by Peter Bonetti but it didn't matter as England coasted into a two goal
lead. With 20 minutes left, Ramsey replaced Charlton and the rest is history.
The Germans pulled the score back to 2-2 before scoring an extra time winner.
The Germans again proved the thorn in England's side in 1972 as they knocked
them out of the European Championships but things were about to get worse. The
1974 World Cup qualifying tournament found England underestimating their
opponents and paying for it. Admittedly, the crucial match against Poland did see England
dominate but the Polish goalkeeper, Jan Tomaszewski (famously derided as a clown by Brian Clough)
saved nearly everything and by the time England
finally scored, Poland
had taken the lead after a mistake from Norman Hunter.
Alf Ramsey departed to be replaced by Don
Revie. The national side went rapidly downhill as the players failed to respond
to Revie's methods and this led to a second successive failure to qualify for
the World Cup finals. Ron Greenwood took over with the nation clamouring for
Brian Clough and Greenwood's
first task was to qualify for the newly expanded European Championships.
England sailed through a tough looking group containing Bulgaria, Denmark and the two Irish teams. On
June 12 1980, England kicked
off in their first major finals for 10 years against Belgium
in Turin.
However, the match was marred by crowd trouble and the game finished 1-1. Hosts
Italy were the next
opponents in a game England
had to win. They lost 1-0 and a 2-1 victory over Spain three days later was
academic.
Qualification for the 1982 World Cup finals
looked impossible in September 1981 as England's Fans listened in horror to the
words 'Maggie Thatcher, your boys took one hell of a beating' uttered by a Norwegian
commentator. England had
lost 2-1 in Oslo
to a team thought to be one of the whipping boys of international football.
However, luck was on our side and two months later Hungary were beaten 1-0 at Wembley
to seal qualification. The finals themselves were a bizarre affair as England went
out unbeaten. France
were the first victims losing 3-1 with Bryan Robson scoring the quickest ever
goal in World Cup finals. Czechoslovakia
and Kuwait were also beaten
and England's reward for
topping this group was a group containing West
Germany and Spain. Both games finished 0-0 and
the Germans progressed.
The English tabloids always had a lot to say
about the national side but the reign of Bobby Robson from 1982-1990 saw them
really come to the fore despite the fact that this was arguably England's most
successful period since the days of Ramsey. The 1986 World Cup finals started
badly with a 1-0 defeat against Portugal
and a goalless draw with Morocco.
England had to beat Poland to progress and a superb hat-trick from
Lineker took them through to play Paraguay who were swiftly
despatched 3-0. Argentina
were the quarter final opponents and after a close first half, the South
Americans took the lead with Maradona's handballed goal. Soon afterwards,
Maradona scored again (a goal recently voted the best ever by English
television viewers) before Lineker got a late consolation.
The English tabloids decided that the 1988
European Championships were ours for the taking which was rather bizarre after
their reactions to goalless draws in Turkey
and Israel.
England's group contained Ireland, the Soviet Union
and the latest Dutch maestros. The crucial game would be against the Dutch but
things went wrong in the first game as Ireland ran out 1-0 winners. The
match against the Netherlands
was a classic and a virtuoso performance from Marco van Basten who destroyed a
young Tony Adams was the difference between the teams, 3-1 the final result. England also lost 3-1 to the Soviet
Union.
The 1990 World Cup finals again saw England begin slowly with a 1-1 draw against Ireland but on the day of the match against the Netherlands,
the newspapers were full of talk of a new system to combat the Dutch. This
turned out to be the sweeper system and it worked a dream with England well on
top for large periods of the game and 'scoring' late in the match with an
indirect free kick from Stuart Pearce. The 'goal' was disallowed as noone else
touched the ball. Egypt were
despatched 1-0 in the final game and England
now had to face Belgium
in the second round. The Belgians struck the post twice during the game whilst England had a
John Barnes goal disallowed and with the game approaching 120 minutes, it
looked like a penalty shootout would be required. However, Gascoigne then
floated a free kick into the penalty area and David Platt swivelled and
volleyed the ball into the net. 1-0 to England and into the quarter
finals.
The quarter final was another nerve shattering
match against Cameroon.
David Platt gave England an
early lead but deep into the second half, Cameroon led 2-1 before they gave
away two penalties which Lineker calmly slotted away. So, for the first time
since 1966, England had
reached a World Cup semi final and would meet Germany. This match was arguably
the best of the entire tournament as two well matched teams fought out a
fascinating battle. The Germans drew first blood with a wickedly deflected free
kick early in the second half but England hit back with a typical
Lineker goal. The game went into extra time and both teams hit the post before
the nightmare of penalties. Germany
scored all of theirs whilst Stuart Pearce and Chris Waddle missed.
So, Bobby Robson had gone to PSV but England had a
new manager in Graham Taylor and a great opportunity to build on the semi final
appearance. Things went well to begin with although dropping Gascoigne seemed a
bizarre decision. England
qualified for the 1992 European Championships from a tough group and there was
a lot of optimism that England
would perform well in Sweden.
0-0 draws against Denmark
and France were followed by
a 2-1 defeat against the hosts (the following day The Sun called Taylor, 'Turnip' for the
first time). England
were out and now had to concentrate on a tough World Cup qualifying campaign.
They were in a group with Holland,
Poland, Norway and San Marino. Two qualifed and the
nation were optimistic, not realising that Norway had become a dangerous team.
The opening qualifying match soon made the English stand up and take notice of
this Norwegian danger as what looked like being a comfortable victory at
Wembley was turned into an ignominious draw when Norway scored a superb equaliser
from 25 yards. San Marino
were duly thrashed at Wembley in the next game before the big one - the Dutch
at Wembley. The game began superbly with England
playing their best match under Taylor
and swiftly taking a two goal lead.
However, Bergkamp pulled one back before
half-time with a supremely confident finish and late in the second half, Walker
pulled Overmars down to give away a penalty. The gift was despatched and the
nightmare continued. Due to English reluctance to schedule qualifying matches
at the beginning of the season, two tricky trips to Norway
and Poland
were to come at the end of the season. In the first of these, Poland should have
hammered us but failed to take advantage of our defensive frailty and allowed
substitute Ian Wright to score a late equaliser.
Three days later, Taylor employed a bizarre wing back system
which was fated not to work right from the beginning. Ferdinand looked a lonely
figure up front and another Walker
mistake in the first half gave the Norwegians the lead. There was no
improvement in the second half and Norway
ripped England to shreds
scoring a second goal which came straight from the Taylor handbook of direct play. This left
three games to play and to have any chance, England would have to win the lot.
The first was a crucial test against Poland
at Wembley but England
blew them away with a good performance, running out 3-0 victors. It was the
next match which all feared and the lead up to the match in Rotterdam
was full of Amsterdam
bars being destroyed by English fans and running battles in the streets
outside. The match itself was pulsating with England striking both posts and
Platt being blatantly fouled by Koeman on the edge of the penalty area when
clean through. Even the Dutch will admit that Koeman should have been sent off
but he remained on the field to score from a twice taken free kick which Seaman
was totally out of position for. The second goal from Bergkamp just rubbed it
in.
England were down and out but had saved their
lowest point for the last game away to San Marino - recognised at the time as
the worst team in Europe. San
Marino scored straight from the kick off
after a woeful back pass by Stuart Pearce to score the quickest international
goal ever. Taylor
was out and the man who everyone believed would be the nation's saviour, Terry
Venables was in.
Venables began with a 1-0 victory over Denmark in March 1994 and with England hosting Euro '96, this sort of friendly
match would make up England's
fixtures over the following two years. This period was used as a testing ground
by the new manager for both formations and new players. A more continental
style of football gradually began to develop through these internationals and
players like Le Saux and Anderton looked very impressive in their England debuts.
Scoring goals seemed to be a problem though and the big hope in this
department, Alan Shearer failed to score at all from the Autumn of 1994 until
Euro 96 itself.
Most of these friendlies said very little about
how good England
actually were as many teams came to Wembley looking very lacklustre and
uninterested. An away match in Norway
in the autumn of 1995 was particularly frustrating as the Norwegians packed
their whole team behind the ball and England failed to break them down
in 90 minutes, one of the most boring 0-0 draws ever witnessed being the
result.
The lead up to Euro '96 itself found the press
in particurlarly critical mood after a 1-0 victory over a Hong Kong select team
made up of ageing European professionals but this was surely just a warm up
match of no significance - surely the tabloids could wait until the competition
proper to spout their unhelpful views.
June 8 1996 was the day
which opened the European Championships with a match between England and
Switzerland - a rampant English team tore into the Swiss in the first half with
Shearer scoring a well deserved goal (his first for over 18 months) and
Gascoigne running around like a man possessed. However, the defence were caught
out on a couple of occasions and the worrying signs of this were borne out when
the Swiss equalised in the second half before nearly winning in the dying
seconds - a poor second half performance by the England team was bound to be
pounced on by the press but little did we know who their target would be.
Paul Gascoigne had performed excellently in the
first half of the match but was pilloried remorselessly by the press over the
following week - this was an attitude far removed from the English public, most
of whom seemed to feel that Gazza was the crucial player. Jimmy Hill added his
name to the Gazza attackers when at half-time in the Scotland match, he suggested that
Gascoigne should be substituted. This looked ridiculous when Gazza fashioned a
quite superb second goal to seal victory after Shearer had given England the
lead and McAllister had missed a penalty for the Scots.
A draw was now enough to progress and three days
later, a packed Wembley expected the usual close encounter between England and
Holland - what they got was the most impressive England performance in 25 years
and near elimination for the Dutch. A 4-1 victory was as comfortable as it
sounds; Gascoigne and Sheringham ripped the Dutch defence to shreds while
Shearer scored a quite superb goal. Only a late consolation by Kluivert saved
the Dutch from elimination and the anthem 'Football's Coming Home' was claimed
by the crowd as their own.
So, England
were in the quarter finals where they would meet Spain. The tabloids had now moved
from criticising the national team to insulting the opposing nation and Spain was
disgracefully derided in The Sun as the birthplace of syphilis and a nation
where all the women had moustaches. This sort of journalism is a disgrace and
it unsurprisingly fired the Spanish team up to their finest performance in the
competition. They had two goals disallowed for offside (one of which looked a
good goal) and after 120 minutes, had to face a penalty shoot out. Hierro and
Nadal missed, Wembley celebrated by singing 'Football's Coming Home' over and
over.
The semi final was against England's old rivals, Germany
and two days beforehand, the Daily Mirror produced an issue full of war imagery
- this was another disgraceful act although they were rumoured to be planning a
leaflet drop on Berlin
which would have been supremely offensive. This sort of tabloid excess has
hopefully now ended.
England v Germany
was the match of the tournament; Shearer scored early but an equaliser soon
followed. The game was end to end but neither side could quite score the winner
so extra time followed. England
attacked from the outset and should have won when Anderton hit the post from
close range. Gascoigne also missed a cross by inches whilst Germany scored
a goal disallowed for pushing. Penalties again and both teams converted their
first five. Gareth Southgate stepped up and saw his effort saved before Andy
Moeller thumped in the winning spot kick. It was 1990 all over again.
So, three months on, England look in better
shape than they have in years - a tough World Cup qualification group will be a
good test for new boss, Glenn Hoddle who has already shown his forward thinking
by selecting young David Beckham and a 3-0 away win over Moldova has laid the
foundations for our attempt on the 1998 World Cup in France.
Most Successful Clubs
Arsenal London
Initially known as Dial Square after a
workshop at the Royal Arsenal - where most of the original team worked - the
club began life in 1886 under founder Daniel Danskin, a Scotsman from
Kirkcaldy. From the earliest days until 1891, it played under the name Royal
Arsenal.
The leading light at
the time was former Nottingham
Forest player Fred
Beardsley, who got his old club to help out by giving him some spare red shirts
and a football. Apart from a brief trial with red and light-blue stripes in
1895, the team played in an all-red strip until 1933.
A pig farm was among
the local venues used until the club moved to the Invicta Ground at Plumstead
in 1890. Becoming professional as Woolwich Arsenal in 1891, the club was
elected to the Football League's Second Division two years later. Not long
afterwards, it bought a ground at Manor Field.
Promoted to the First
Division in 1904, increasing debts forced the club into liquidation in 1910 -
only to be rescued by property developer Henry Norris, who initially suggested
a merger with Fulham.
Relegated in 1913
after winning only one home game, a new start was made, despite vociferous
local opposition, at Highbury in North London.
From 1914, the club was re-christened 'The' Arsenal before, in 1927, it adopted
the name which has become famous throughout the world.
Henry Norris grabbed
the opportunity presented in 1919 when the First Division expanded. He managed
to secure one of the two new places for The Arsenal, even though the team had
finished only fifth in their division. The club holds the record for an
unbroken run in the top-flight of English football.
Meanwhile, Mr Norris
was forced out of the game because of financial irregularities, including his
unauthorised use of a chauffeur. His final legacy was to recruit manager
Herbert Chapman who, after his arrival in 1925, went on to build some of the
club's greatest successes in the Thirties.
Liverpool
Liverpool can thank arch rivals
Everton for their creation. In 1892, Everton failed to strike a deal with John
Houlding, the owner of Anfield, and left for Goodison Park
instead. As a result, the Anfield landlord decided to form his own team - which
was also briefly named Everton.
Playing its first
Football League game in 1893, the team was dominated by 10 Scotsmen. Only
goalkeeper Bill McOwen was born in England. Never having been lower
than the Second Division, Liverpool's record
is unparalleled.
Throughout its
distinguished history, fans have been able to watch an array of talented
players, whose earliest stars were goalkeepers Sam Hardy and Elisha Scott as
well as Billy Liddell. Even heavyweight boxer Joe Louis signed for Liverpool in 1944, although he never played a match.
It was with the
arrival of the legendary Bill Shankly, another Scotsman, in 1959 that Liverpool reached the pinnacle of the world club game.
Under his passionate
guidance, Shankly drew on a seemingly endless supply of big names, including
Ray Clemence, Emlyn Hughes Roger Hunt, Kevin Keegan, Tommy Smith, Ian St John,
John Toshack and Ron Yeats.
After Shankly's
surprise decision to stand down in 1974, Bob Paisley took up the reins, signing
Kenny Dalglish and Graeme Souness - both of whom went on to make their names as
managers with a club which has won a record 18 league championships.
The big names
continued to emerge: John Barnes, Peter Beardsley, Ian Rush, to name only a
few. With the disasters of Heysel, in 1985, and Hillsborough, in 1989, Liverpool fans know - better than any - football's true
tragedies as well as its glorious successes.
Manchester United
The seeds for
Manchester United's future success were sown when workers with the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway decided to form a team
of their own in 1878.
It was run by the
Dining Room Committee of the Carriage and Wagon Works, and was known as the
Newton Heath Lancashire and Yorkshire Cricket and Football Club.
Only after Newton
Heath went bankrupt did Manchester United emerge from the ashes in 1902. Having
joined the Football League in 1892, the club has played in one or other of the
top two divisions ever since.
With winger Billy
Meredith a powerful influence, Manchester
United earned their first major honour in 1908 when the club won the
championship. It followed up its league success the next year with an FA Cup
victory. Although it won the league again in 1911, there followed a notably
barren spell lasting until after the Second World War.
During the war, heavy
bomb damage meant Manchester United had to temporarily abandon its Old Trafford
ground and play matches at their Manchester
rivals' Maine Road
stadium.
With the end of
hostilities, Matt Busby took over as manager and - with the help of captain
Johnny Carey - set the club on the path to phenomenal post-war success.
While players such
Jack Rowley and Stan Pearson helped them to win the 1948 FA Cup and the 1952
league championship, the club increasingly became renowned for nurturing
youthful talent. And so were born the 'Busby Babes': Roger Byrne, Bobby
Charlton, Duncan Edwards, Tommy Taylor, and many more.
Quickly dominating
English football, the new team won the First Division in successive seasons
before the 1958 Munich
air crash claimed the lives of eight players.
From the wreckage,
Busby set about building another magnificent team, using the skills of Charlton
and Denis Law, and harnessing the teenage talents of George Best. At the height
of its power in the mid-Sixties, every Manchester United player was an
international.
FA Cup winners in
1963, First Division champions in 1965 and 1967, the pinnacle of the team's
achievements was the 4-1 win over Benfica at Wembley in the 1968 European Cup
Final.
Managers found it
difficult to emulate Busby's success, despite the efforts of men such as Tommy
Docherty, Dave Sexton and Ron Atkinson. Only under Alex Ferguson, who took over
in 1986, have star players managed to combine to live up to the memory of their
heroic predecessors.
England's Soccer Stars
Bobby Charlton, born
in 1937, was one of the most famous of all English players. Born in Ashington,
Northumberland, he was signed by Manchester United when aged 17. Initially an
inside-right, he switched to outside-left with England and finally became a
deep-lying centre-forward renowned for his powerful shot. His total of 49 goals
for England
remains a record. Charlton scored 198 goals in 606 League games for Manchester
United and helped them win the European Cup in 1968, the FA Cup in 1963, and
the Football League championship in 1957, 1965, and 1967. He was in England's winning World Cup side in 1966 and his
total of 106 caps (1958-1970) was an England record until passed by
Bobby Moore in 1973. Having retired in 1973 he became manager of Preston North
End, worked as director of Wigan Athletic, and in 1984 was appointed director
of Manchester United. His brother, Jack Charlton, was also an England soccer
player and successful manager of the Irish national team. A modest man of great
integrity, Bobby Charlton set and maintained the highest standards of
sportsmanship. Charlton was awarded a CBE in 1974 and a knighthood in 1994.
Sir Stanley Matthews,
born in 1915, played professionally at the top level until the age of 50.
Matthews was born in Hanley. He made his debut at age 17 for the local First
Division professional team, Stoke
City. Two years later, he
was selected to play for England.
A right winger,
Matthews was a wonderful dribbler whose subtle body swerves, acceleration, and
superb ball control unsettled virtually every defender he faced. In 1947 he
moved to Blackpool and it was then he finally
won a Football Association (FA) Cup, in 1953. At the age of 41, Matthews won
the first-ever European Player of the Year award. In 1965 he was knighted by
Queen Elizabeth II, becoming the first active football player ever to receive
the honour. Widely respected as the perfect sportsman, Matthews was never
cautioned by a referee throughout his 33-year career.
More than 35,000 fans
attended Matthews's retirement game in 1965. So many of the world's top players
came to the game to honour him that four teams formed and played two matches.
Paul John Gascoigne,
born in 1967, is a midfield star in the 1990s. He was apprenticed to Newcastle
United in 1982 and made his Football League début in 1985. In 1988 he joined
Tottenham Hotspur and made his England
début that year. Gascoigne was outstanding in the 1990 World Cup for England but was
injured in the 1991 FA Cup Final which Tottenham won. In 1992 he was
transferred to the Italian club Lazio for £5.5 million. Gascoigne took several
months to recover from his injury and sustained further injuries at Lazio which
limited his effectiveness as a player. Although popular with Lazio's fans, he
signed for Glasgow Rangers in July 1995 for £4.3 million. The following season
(1995-1996) Rangers won the league championship for the eighth successive
occasion as well as the Scottish Cup, and Gascoigne was voted Scottish Player
of the Year by his fellow professionals. He was a key player for England in the
1996 European Championship (Euro 96).
Gary Winston Lineker,
born in1960, is one of the most celebrated footballers of modern times. Born in
Leicester, the son of a market trader, he made his first team appearance for Leicester at the age of 18 and played for them for seven
years. He played for Everton 1985-1986, Barcelona
1986-1989, and Tottenham Hotspur 1989-1992. He concluded his career with Nagoya
Grampus Eight in Japan.
Very swift, a
brilliant positional player and snapper-up of chances, he played in 80
internationals for England
and scored 48 goals (one fewer than the record tally of Bobby Charlton). He
scored six goals in the 1986 World Cup which made him its top scorer, and four
in the 1990 World Cup. In 1986 he was voted Player of the Year. While with Barcelona (for whom he
scored a famous hat-trick against Real Madrid) he helped them win the 1988
European Cup Winners' Cup. In 1991 he won an FA Cup Winners' medal with
Tottenham. He is also a very gifted amateur cricketer, snooker player, and
golfer. In retirement Lineker became a television sports commentator and hosted
his own weekly radio programme. He was awarded the OBE in 1992.
Peter Leslie Shilton,
born in 1949, was one of the finest goalkeepers in the world during his very
long career in which he won a record number of 125 international caps. Known as
"Shilts", he has very large hands, is a perfectionist, trains rigorously, and
has developed a scientific approach to his role.
Shilton joined Leicester City
in 1966 as understudy to Gordon Banks, transferred to Stoke
City in 1974, and to Nottingham Forest
in 1977. Shilton played an important part in Nottingham Forest's
League Championship win in 1978 and their two European Cup triumphs in 1979 and
1980. Shilton also played for Southampton and Derby County.
In 125 internationals he conceded only 80 goals. In 1992 Shilton became
player/manager of Plymouth Argyle and went on playing well into his forties. He
was dismissed by then during the 1994-1995 season and moved to Bolton Wanderers
as a goalkeeping coach and an occasional player. He was awarded the OBE in
1990.
The
Premier League this Year
The final table
HOME AWAY
P W D L F A W D L F A Pts GD
01 ARSENAL 38 15 2 2 43 10 8 7 4 25 23 78 35
02 Man Utd 38 13 4 2 42 9 10 4 5 31 17 77 47
03 Liverpool 38 13 2 4 42 16 5 9 5 26 26 65 26
04 Chelsea 38 13 2 4 37 14 7 1 11 34 29 63 28
05 Leeds 38 9 5 5 31 21 8 3 8 26 25 59 11
06 Blackburn 38 11 4 4 40 26 5 6 8 17 26 58 5
07 Aston
Villa 38 9 3 7 26 24 8 3 8 23 24 57 1
08 West Ham 38 13 4 2 40 18 3 4 12 16 39 56 -1
09 Derby 38 12 3 4 33 18 4 4 11 19 31 55 3
10 Leicester 38 6 10 3 21 15 7 4 8 30 26 53 10
11 Coventry 38 8 9 2 26 17 4 7 8 20 27 52 2
12 Southampton 38 10 1 8 28 23 4 5 10 22 32 48 -5
13 Newcastle 38 8 5 6 22 20 3 6 10 13 24 44 -9
14 Tottenham 38 7 8 4 23 22 4 3 12 21 34 44 -12
15 Wimbledon 38 5 6 8 18 25 5 8 6 16 21 44 -12
16 Sheff
Wed 38 9 5 5 30 26 3 3 13 22 41 44 -15
17 Everton 38 7 5 7 25 27 2 8 9 16 29 40 -15
18 Bolton 38 7 8 4 25 22 2 5 12 16 39 40 -20
19 Barnsley 38 7 4 8 25 35 3 1 15 12 47 35 -45
20 Crystal Palace
38 2 5 12 15 39 6 4 9 22 32 33 -34
Fans and Hooliganism
During the 1970s and 1980s, hooliganism, drunkenness, and
violence among club supporters (especially of British clubs) began to bring the
game into disrepute and to deter spectators. Riots-before, during, and after
matches-and running battles in the streets between fans became commonplace.
There were also several major disasters: at Ibrox Park, Glasgow, in 1971, at
the Lenin Stadium, Moscow, in 1982, at Heysel, Brussels in 1985, at Bradford,
England in 1985, at Hillsborough, England in 1989, and at Bastia, Corsica in
1992.
It was essential for
football authorities to clean up the game on and off the field and to make life
safer for spectators. The general improvements include the introduction of
all-seater stadiums (and some indoor stadiums), big video screens for pre-match
entertainment, facilities such as family stands to encourage women and children
to attend and to promote family participation, crèches, better catering
arrangements, much better club match programmes in the shape of glossy
brochures, and fanzines (fan magazines) in which club supporters can
express their views. Other features are improved surveillance by stewards,
police, and video cameras. Hospitality/executive boxes have been installed to
bring in more money. By the mid-1990s the measures seemed to have largely
succeeded, and this was illustrated by the friendliness of the supporters from
throughout Europe who attended the "Euro 96"
European Championship that summer.